Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are responsible for causing most cervical cancers and also other cancers. Thankfully, safe and highly effective anticancer HPV vaccines have been available for nearly 2 decades, and some countries, notably Australia, are aiming to eliminate cervical cancer by 2035—less than 10 years from now—using HPV vaccines. This study asks an important public health question that pediatricians and parents might also ask: do females who originally received 2 doses of HPV vaccine in elementary school need a third dose in high school? That is, are 2 doses noninferior to 2 + 1 doses?

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